Hypoglycemia Signs: What to Do When Your Blood Sugar Is Too Low

Hypoglycemia, often referred to as low blood sugar, is a condition that occurs when the level of glucose in your blood drops below normal. Glucose is your body's main source of energy, so understanding the hypoglycemia signs and what to do about it is crucial, especially for people with diabetes. But anyone can experience low blood sugar under certain circumstances. This article will cover the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of hypoglycemia to equip you with the knowledge you need to manage this potentially serious condition.

What Causes Hypoglycemia?

Several factors can lead to hypoglycemia. For people with diabetes, the most common causes include:

• Excessive insulin: Taking too much insulin, either by accident or on purpose, can lower blood sugar levels.
• Skipping meals: Not eating regularly, or delaying or skipping meals, can lead to a drop in blood glucose.
• Increased physical activity: Exercise without adjusting medication or food intake can burn through glucose quickly.
• Alcohol consumption: Alcohol, especially when consumed without food, can impair the liver's ability to release glucose into the bloodstream.
• Certain medications: Some non-diabetes medications can also contribute to hypoglycemia.

However, even without diabetes, you might experience hypoglycemia. Some possible causes include:

• Reactive hypoglycemia: This occurs after eating, usually within a few hours, and is sometimes linked to pre-diabetes or gastric surgery.
• Underlying medical conditions: Conditions like liver disease, kidney disease, or hormone deficiencies can affect blood sugar regulation.
• Certain tumors: In rare cases, a tumor in the pancreas can produce excess insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.
• Post-bariatric surgery hypoglycemia: After undergoing weight loss surgery, some individuals may experience fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

Recognizing Hypoglycemia Signs and Symptoms

The signs of hypoglycemia can vary from person to person and may develop rapidly. Recognizing these symptoms early is essential for prompt treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Shakiness or trembling: This is one of the first signs for many people.
• Sweating: Profuse sweating, especially when you're not hot, can indicate low blood sugar.
• Rapid heartbeat: Your heart may race or pound.
• Anxiety or nervousness: You might feel unusually anxious or jittery.
• Irritability or confusion: Changes in mood and cognitive function are common.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness: Feeling faint or unsteady.
• Blurred vision: Your vision may become unclear.
• Headache: A persistent headache can sometimes accompany hypoglycemia.
• Hunger: Feeling intensely hungry, even if you've recently eaten.
• Weakness or fatigue: A general feeling of tiredness and lack of energy.
• Seizures or loss of consciousness: These are signs of severe hypoglycemia and require immediate medical attention.

It’s important to note that some people might not experience any noticeable symptoms of hypoglycemia (hypoglycemia unawareness). If you have diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is particularly important.

What to Do When You Experience Low Blood Sugar

If you suspect you're experiencing hypoglycemia, the first step is to check your blood sugar if you have a glucose meter. If your blood sugar is below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), take immediate action:

1. The 15-15 Rule: Consume 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates. Examples include:
   • 4 ounces (1/2 cup) of fruit juice
   • 4 ounces (1/2 cup) of regular (non-diet) soda
   • 1 tablespoon of honey or sugar
   • Glucose tablets or gel (follow package instructions)
2. Wait 15 Minutes: After consuming the carbohydrates, wait 15 minutes and then recheck your blood sugar.
3. Repeat if Necessary: If your blood sugar is still below 70 mg/dL, repeat steps 1 and 2.
4. Eat a Meal or Snack: Once your blood sugar is back within the target range, eat a meal or snack containing both carbohydrates and protein to help stabilize your blood sugar levels.

If you are caring for someone who is experiencing severe hypoglycemia (unresponsive, seizure), do not attempt to give them anything by mouth. Administer glucagon if available and you know how to administer it, or call for emergency medical help immediately.

Preventing Hypoglycemia

Preventing hypoglycemia involves addressing the underlying causes. For people with diabetes:

• Follow your meal plan: Eat regular meals and snacks at consistent times.
• Monitor your blood sugar: Check your blood glucose levels regularly, especially before meals, after meals, and before bedtime.
• Adjust medication with activity: If you're increasing your physical activity, talk to your doctor about adjusting your medication or food intake.
• Be mindful of alcohol: Limit alcohol consumption, and always eat something when you drink alcohol.
• Keep a hypoglycemia treatment kit: Always carry fast-acting carbohydrates, such as glucose tablets or juice, with you.
• Educate family and friends: Teach family and friends how to recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to administer glucagon, if necessary.

For individuals without diabetes experiencing reactive hypoglycemia:

• Eat smaller, more frequent meals: This can help prevent blood sugar spikes and drops.
• Limit sugary foods and drinks: These can trigger reactive hypoglycemia.
• Focus on complex carbohydrates: Choose foods like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables over refined carbohydrates.
• Consider dietary changes: Discuss with a dietitian about potential dietary changes to better manage your blood sugar.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While mild hypoglycemia can often be managed at home, there are situations when medical attention is necessary:

• Severe hypoglycemia: If someone becomes unresponsive or has a seizure, seek emergency medical help immediately.
• Frequent or unexplained hypoglycemia: If you experience recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, even if they are mild, it's important to see a doctor to identify and address the underlying cause.
• Hypoglycemia unawareness: If you have diabetes and find it difficult to recognize the symptoms of low blood sugar, talk to your doctor about strategies to improve your awareness.

Hypoglycemia and Diabetes Management

Effective diabetes management is crucial for preventing hypoglycemia. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, adherence to prescribed medications, and careful attention to diet and exercise are all essential. Work closely with your healthcare team, including your doctor, diabetes educator, and dietitian, to develop a personalized plan that meets your individual needs.

Conclusion

Understanding the signs of hypoglycemia and knowing what to do when your blood sugar is too low is crucial for everyone, especially those with diabetes. By recognizing the symptoms, taking prompt action, and implementing preventative measures, you can effectively manage hypoglycemia and maintain your health and well-being. If you have concerns about hypoglycemia, or experience it frequently, consult with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and treatment.