The Gradient Podcast - Vivek Natarajan: Towards Biomedical AI [2dcdfa]

2025-07-26

Post Time: 2025-07-26

Smart blood glucose monitors have revolutionized diabetes management, moving beyond simple readings to become powerful tools for data-driven decision-making. Unlike traditional monitors that merely display a number, smart devices connect to apps and cloud platforms, allowing users to track their blood sugar levels over time, identify patterns, and make more informed choices about their diet, exercise, and medication. This ability to analyze trends empowers individuals to actively participate in their own care, leading to improved glycemic control and overall health outcomes. For people with diabetes, understanding their blood sugar trends is key to maintaining stable levels and preventing dangerous spikes or lows. The data provided by smart monitors enables a level of personalization previously unavailable.

Benefits of using a smart blood glucose monitor include:

  • Enhanced Data Tracking: Capture and store readings over time for analysis
  • Pattern Recognition: Identify trends that help manage your health proactively.
  • Personalized Management: Tailor dietary, exercise, and medication routines to your unique needs.
  • Real-time insights: Connect to mobile apps that give insights to trends.
  • Better doctor-patient communication: Easily share data with healthcare team.

Example Scenario: Instead of just seeing a high reading after dinner, a smart monitor might show a consistent pattern of elevated glucose levels following pasta meals. This insight empowers the user to adjust their portion sizes, meal composition, or timing for better blood sugar management in the future. This level of granular data empowers individuals and their health team, leading to targeted adjustments in their diabetes management plan. This represents a significant improvement over simply reacting to a random high blood sugar reading.


Features of Smart Blood Glucose Monitors and How They Facilitate Data-Driven Management

The functionality of smart blood glucose monitors far surpasses their traditional counterparts, primarily through sophisticated connectivity and data analysis features. These tools allow users to harness the power of their own health data. Key features that enable data-driven decisions include:

  1. Bluetooth Connectivity: Enables seamless transfer of data from the monitor to a smartphone or tablet, eliminating manual logging. This feature removes human error in recording and storing information.
  2. Cloud Storage & Syncing: Securely stores readings on cloud platforms, accessible across multiple devices and easily shared with healthcare providers, resulting in faster feedback and improved treatment plans.
  3. Mobile Apps: Provide a user-friendly interface to visualize data through graphs, charts, and reports; includes features such as tagging meals, exercise and medication so users can explore correlation to blood glucose patterns.
  4. Pattern Analysis & Trend Identification: These built-in analytical tools identify recurring blood sugar patterns that might not be apparent to the naked eye.
  5. Alerts & Reminders: These will prompt the user to test at specific times and receive warnings for high or low glucose readings, reducing chances of complications.
  6. Meal and Exercise Logging: Some apps allow users to log their dietary intake, exercise routines and other lifestyle elements, providing additional context to blood sugar readings, which promotes holistic management.

Table: Comparing Smart and Traditional Blood Glucose Monitors

Feature Traditional Monitor Smart Monitor
Data Storage Manual logbook Cloud storage, App based
Connectivity None Bluetooth, WiFi
Data Analysis None Trend analysis, reports
Real-time tracking Limited Extensive
Data Sharing Manual Automated

Specific Example: A user might see a graph on their app showing consistently high glucose readings in the mid-afternoon. Using the app's features, they can then analyze this trend against logged meals and activities. They may discover they consistently have a carb-heavy snack at 2pm and determine this as the cause of their afternoon highs, a detail that might have been otherwise missed. Such targeted insights provide the user with the basis for strategic adjustments.


How to Effectively Utilize Smart Blood Glucose Monitors to Optimize Diabetes Care

Simply owning a smart blood glucose monitor isn't enough; it’s crucial to know how to utilize it effectively to optimize diabetes care through data-driven methods. Here's a step-by-step guide:

  1. Establish Baseline Data: Begin by tracking blood glucose levels under typical daily conditions for several days to understand individual variations and set a baseline. Use this period to get familiar with the app and its features.
  2. Regular Testing and Logging: Use the monitor as per healthcare professional recommendations, ensuring consistency in timings before meals and/or after certain activities. The consistency of your data will directly relate to the value you will receive from analysis.
  3. Leverage App Features: Input all your data on the app including your food, exercise, stress levels or any other factor that might influence glucose levels. Use the apps data visualization, tagging, reminders and trend recognition to make correlations.
  4. Identify Patterns and Triggers: Use the monitor’s data to spot trends or recurring patterns over several days, weeks or months. Note the impact of different factors.
  5. Adjust Lifestyle Based on Analysis: Once patterns and triggers are clear, make adjustments in your diet (meal type or quantity), exercise regime (timing, intensity, duration) or your medication (with the supervision of your health team).
  6. Regularly Share Data With Healthcare Providers: Share the data with your healthcare team during check ups to refine your care strategy. The data can be a valuable conversation starter and is valuable in improving treatment strategies.
  7. Continuous Review and Iteration: Monitoring blood sugar levels is an ongoing process that should be constantly reviewed and iterated upon. Continuous data analysis, paired with informed adjustments leads to effective self-management.
  8. Explore and Learn about Features: Read the user manual for the specific model to gain insight to hidden features, allowing for a greater optimization experience. Many have features that are not immediately obvious.

Actionable Example: After reviewing the app's report, a user notices consistent spikes following high-intensity workouts. Instead of avoiding exercise, they use this data to adjust the timing or type of exercise or may even require a snack before workouts. They work with their healthcare professional to find strategies that do not interfere with their glucose levels or compromise the benefit of their workouts. This targeted approach to lifestyle adjustments demonstrates the power of using smart monitors to understand and manage health effectively.

By actively tracking, analyzing, and applying data insights, individuals can transform diabetes management from a reactive to a proactive process. The personalized feedback from these monitors puts the individual in charge of their own health, thus empowering and motivating them on their health journey.

Episode 126 I spoke with Vivek Natarajan ( about: * Improving access to medical knowledge with AI * How an LLM for medicine should behave * Aspects of training Med-PaLM and AMIE * How to facilitate appropriate amounts of trust in users of medical AI systems Vivek Natarajan is a Research Scientist at Google Health AI advancing biomedical AI to help scale world class another name for blood sugar test healthcare to everyone. Vivek is particularly interested in building large language models and multimodal foundation models for biomedical applications and leads the Google Brain moonshot behind Med-PaLM, Google's flagship medical large language model. Med-PaLM has been featured in The Scientific American, The Economist, STAT News, CNBC, Forbes, New Scientist among others. I spend a lot of time on this podcast—if you like my work, you can support me on Patreon ( :) Reach me at [email protected] for feedback, ideas, guest suggestions. Subscribe to The Gradient Podcast: Apple Podcasts ( | Spotify ( | Pocket Casts ( | RSS ( The Gradient on Twitter ( Outline: * does anxiety affect blood sugar (00:00) Intro * (00:35) The concept of an “AI doctor” * (06:54) Accessibility to medical expertise * (10:31) Enabling doctors to do better/different work * (14:35) Med-PaLM * (15:30) Instruction tuning, desirable traits in LLMs for medicine * (23:41) Axes for evaluation of medical QA systems * (30:03) Medical LLMs and scientific consensus * (35:32) Demographic data and patient interventions * (40:14) Data contamination in Med-PaLM * (42:45) Grounded claims about capabilities * (45:48) Building trust * (50:54) Genetic Discovery enabled by a LLM * (51:33) Novel hypotheses in genetic discovery * (57:10) Levels of abstraction for hypotheses * (1:01:10) Directions for continued progress * (1:03:05) Conversational Diagnostic AI * (1:03:30) Objective Structures Clinical Examination as an evaluative framework * (1:09:08) Relative importance of different types of data * (1:13:52) Self-play — conversational dispositions and handling patients * (1:16:41) Chain of reasoning and information retention * (1:20:00) Performance in different areas of medical expertise * (1:22:35) Towards accurate differential diagnosis * (1:31:40) Feedback mechanisms and expertise, disagreement among clinicians * (1:35:26) Studying trust, user interfaces * (1:38:08) Self-trust in using medical AI models * (1:41:39) UI for medical AI systems * (1:43:50) Model reasoning normal blood sugar level man in complex scenarios * (1:46:33) Prompting * (1:48:41) Future outlooks * (1:54:53) Outro Links: * Vivek’s Twitter ( and homepage ( * Papers * Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with LLMs ( (2023) * LLMs encode clinical knowledge ( (2023) * Towards Generalist Biomedical AI ( (2024) * AMIE ( * Genetic Discovery enabled by a LLM ( (2023) Get full access to The Gradient at thegradientpub.substack.com/subscribe ( Episode link: (video made with
The Gradient Podcast - Vivek Natarajan: Towards Biomedical AI
The Gradient Podcast - Vivek Natarajan: Towards Biomedical AI [2dcdfa]